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The Turkish passport can be acquired by birth, naturalization, marriage, or investment, including the purchase of local property.

Before 2017, it was impossible to directly obtain citizenship by real estate investment in Turkey. Foreign property owners had to renew their residence permits for 5 years before they could apply for a "kimlik" – an ID card certifying their citizenship. During this time, they were allowed to be absent from the Republic for no more than 365 days.

Now, foreign property buyers can obtain citizenship in Turkey within 6–8 months. The main advantage of the investment program is the ability to include a spouse and minor children in the application. Additionally, developers in Turkey offer a wide range of properties suitable for various purposes, preferences, and budgets, making the selection of suitable options quick and convenient.

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In 2023, the Republic welcomed over 316,000 expats. The reason for such rapid population growth lies in government programs aimed at simplifying the procedures for acquiring citizenship and residence permits. The local government is keen to attract investors, businesspeople, and talented professionals. Most newcomers purchase property in Istanbul, Ankara, and Antalya.

Foreigners usually can obtain dual citizenship in Turkey; however, there is often no agreement between the two countries on dual citizenship. Therefore, both countries will only consider a person as their respective citizen.

Can you obtain second citizenship in Turkey?

An individual can receive a "kimlik" without renouncing their first passport, provided it does not contradict the laws of their home country. In this case, a person will hold dual citizenship; however, they will only be considered a dual national (or bipartite) if Turkey has an agreement with their country of origin. For example, citizens of Germany, Bulgaria, the UK, and Albania can enjoy dual citizenship in the country.

Citizenship programs in Turkey

The country's legislation provides six grounds for obtaining a passport: capital investments, naturalization, marriage, employment, special merits, and the right of blood. Applicants interested in acquiring second citizenship for immigration to Turkey do not need to renounce their first citizenship.

Citizenship by investment in Turkey

To qualify for Turkey citizenship by investment, a foreigner must meet one of the following conditions:

  • Purchase houses or apartments in Turkey worth at least $400,000.
  • Establish a business that creates at least 50 jobs.
  • Invest at least $500,000 in the share capital of a Turkish company.
  • Open a bank deposit of $500,000.
  • Invest $500,000 in government bonds
  • Purchase shares worth at least $500,000 in venture funds or real estate investment funds.

Most applicants choose the real estate investment option. The appeal of this choice lies in the wide variety of new residential complexes in Turkey, offering comfortable living and leisure conditions, as well as quick payback.

By naturalization

Foreigners can apply for citizenship in Turkey through naturalization by living in the Republic as residents for at least five years. They must demonstrate proficiency in the official language, have sufficient funds to support their family, and have no criminal record. They mustn't spend more than 180 days per year outside the country during this period.

This route requires obtaining a temporary residence permit beforehand. The grounds for moving to Turkey and obtaining the permit legally could be business establishment, employment, marriage, or other reasons. However, the quickest option is an investment in real estate worth at least $200,000.

For special merits

A foreigner may be granted citizenship by a decision of the Cabinet of Ministers for special merits. These could include economic achievements, outstanding discoveries or scientific research, contributions to the development of Turkish culture and arts recognized internationally, or sports victories that bring fame to the Republic.

By birth

Children of Turkish citizens automatically acquire citizenship. Either one or both parents can hold a Turkish passport. There is no requirement for the parents to be married. The child's place of birth does not matter, as the country follows the principle of jus sanguinis (right of blood).

Through marriage

Marrying a Turkish citizen allows a foreigner to obtain a temporary residence permit. After living in the country for three years, residents can apply for a passport if they prove that they maintained the union and are still living together. In case of divorce, the citizenship will not be revoked unless it is proven that the marriage was fraudulent.

Through employment

A person who signs an employment contract with a Turkish company may be eligible for citizenship. In this case, the employer arranges a work permit for them, which is equivalent to a temporary residence permit. An application for a passport can be submitted after five years.

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Citizenship through investment in Turkey’s real estate

Investing in real estate is one of the fastest and most advantageous ways to acquire citizenship. Foreigners participating in the immigration program can buy a studio, apartment, townhouse, villa, commercial property, or any other type of real estate.

However, the list of locations where foreigners can invest is restricted by local legislation. For example, citizens of other countries are prohibited from purchasing property in border areas. Nonetheless, a wide variety of options are still available. Properties open to foreign buyers include:

  • Multi-apartment complexes with well-developed infrastructure, including pools, gyms, and landscaped recreational areas;
  • Villas in coastal locations with scenic sea views and easy access to beaches;
  • Townhouses in suburban areas with numerous amenities and green spaces.

The minimum investment threshold for obtaining a Golden Visa in Turkey through real estate purchase is $400,000. The cadastral value of the property must be confirmed by an independent appraiser and recorded in the title deed. Additionally, it is important that the property has not previously participated in the program. Applicants for citizenship are allowed to purchase one or several properties.

One of the main advantages of buying property in Turkey is the quick return on investment. Residential and commercial spaces can be rented out for long-term leases immediately after signing the sales contract. To retain citizenship, foreigners cannot sell the property for at least three years.

Many construction companies in the country offer property management services after the projects are completed. Investors who sign a management contract can receive high and stable rental income while the professionals handle cleaning, repairs, tenant search, payment of utility bills, and other duties.

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List of documents required for Turkish citizenship

The standard list of documents among citizenship requirements in Turkey includes:

  • Completed application forms and questionnaires.
  • Birth certificate.
  • Copies of passport and foreign passport.
  • Biometric photo (5x6 cm).
  • Confirmation of investment conditions, issued by the Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre (for real estate purchases).
  • Health insurance policy.
  • Certificate of no criminal record.
  • Copy of temporary residence permit.
  • Power of attorney issued to a licensed attorney (if working through a representative).
  • Receipt of state duty payment.

When applying for citizenship through naturalization, additional documents to confirm financial solvency may be required, such as bank statements, tax declarations, or income certificates. For investors, such documents are typically not necessary.

Process of obtaining Turkish passport by investment

The procedure for obtaining Turkey CBI involves the following steps:

  1. Document preparation: The applicant must complete all forms, gather the necessary documents, translate them, and notarize them. It is recommended to use the services of lawyers specializing in Turkish law. They will review the documents and assess the risk of rejection.
  2. Fulfilling investment requirements: After selecting real estate that meets the criteria of the immigration program, the property’s legal status should be checked, the sales contract should be signed, and the title deed must be obtained.
  3. Obtaining a residence permit: Foreigners who are not residents of Turkey cannot apply for citizenship. Therefore, the first step is to acquire a temporary residence permit, which usually takes no more than two weeks.
  4. Submitting the application: After obtaining the residence permit, the next step is to apply for a passport. This can be done remotely through an attorney.
  5. Receiving the passport: The applicant does not need to be physically present in Turkey to receive the passport. It can be obtained at the Turkish consulate in the applicant's country of residence.

Reasons for citizenship denial

In 2023, the Turkish government tightened the procedure for reviewing citizenship and residence permit applications. Many have noted an increase in the number of refusals, although no official statements have been made by the authorities.

A citizenship application may be denied if the applicant:

  • Submits an incomplete document package;
  • Provides fraudulent documents;
  • Has a poor visa history;
  • Has unresolved criminal convictions;
  • Is deemed unreliable.

Applicants whose applications are rejected can reapply. The refusal can also be appealed in court within 60 days of receiving the notification.

Taxes with a Turkish second passport

The tax burden for holders of two or more citizenships depends on where they have tax residency. If a person resides in Turkey for more than 183 days a year, they are considered a Turkish tax resident, and if in another country, they are considered that country’s tax resident.

Turkish income tax ranges from 15% to 40%. The highest rate applies to those with an annual income exceeding 650,000 Turkish lira (about $19,000).

Property owners who are foreign tax residents and rent out property in Turkey are not required to pay taxes on rental income in both countries. A double taxation agreement between Turkey and many foreign countries allows taxpayers to offset the tax amount paid in one country against the taxes due in the other.

Turkey exchanges tax data under the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters. The countries exchange information and documentation, conduct joint audits, and assist each other in tax collection.

Rights and obligations with a Turkish passport

With Turkish citizenship, a foreigner gains new rights, including visa-free access to certain countries and the possibility of obtaining long-term visas for the U.S. or Schengen Area. However, they also take on new obligations, such as reporting foreign bank accounts and military service.

Turkish citizens can enter over 110 countries with simplified visa procedures: without prior visa issuance, with electronic visas, or with visas on arrival. For free movement within the Schengen Area, they can apply for a C-2 long-term tourist visa, valid for 5 years.

Regarding military service, the conscription age in Turkey for men starts at 20 and lasts until 41. The service duration is one year. Foreigners who obtain passports in exchange for investments are exempt from this duty if they are 22 years old or have already completed military service in their home country.

Investors under 22 years old are entitled to a two-year deferral after obtaining citizenship. After this period, they must serve in the military or pay a special fee, the amount of which is determined annually by the Ministry of Defense. Investors can pay the fee not only for themselves but also for their sons when they reach the age of 20.

Failure to meet the military service obligations can result in fines, passport revocation, or even imprisonment.

Those planning to buy property in Turkey and maintain it must open a local bank account. In most cases, tax residents of other countries are required to notify their tax authorities about opening a foreign account and report on the movement of funds annually.

Benefits of Turkish citizenship

The main advantages of investment-based Turkish citizenship include:

  1. Freedom of Movement: Visa-free countries for Turkish citizens include destinations such as Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. In some regions, they can apply for an electronic visa or receive a visa on arrival.
  2. U.S. Business Visa: Turkey has an agreement with the U.S. that allows its citizens to obtain the E-2 business visa. Entrepreneurs must acquire an existing business or establish a new one in the U.S. Although there are no job creation requirements, the business must be active and profitable. This visa allows foreigners to live and work in the U.S. for five years.
  3. U.S. Tourist Visa: Turkish citizens can apply for the B-1/B-2 tourist visa to the U.S. for a maximum of 10 years. They must submit an application and attend an interview at the U.S. consulate in Turkey.
  4. Quick Payback: Program participants can sell their acquired assets and recover their funds 3 years after obtaining citizenship, whereas in most other countries, the minimum holding period for real estate, business, or securities is 5 years.
  5. Inheritance of Citizenship: The children of investors who obtain a passport automatically become citizens of Turkey, regardless of their place of birth. This advantage extends to future generations.
  6. Access to Quality Healthcare: Turkish citizens are entitled to free services in state hospitals. Turkey is known for its advanced healthcare system, including modern clinics and a high standard of medical services. This makes Turkish citizenship attractive to those seeking reliable healthcare access for themselves and their families.
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